4/11/2008
Table of Contents
Knowledge has contents.
You might like me to sharpen the picture of this three-word cipher. But a firmer principle underlies it than the atheists’ nebulous “omniscience” uttered without examination in the Argument From Evil.
First of all atheists, usually adherents of empericism, have no Russell-ian entity that they can point a finger to and say “That is omniscient”. So we’re out of the evidential, the only thing left from an atheistic standpoint is the axiomatic.
This is where the character of knowledge matters. If in fact, my leading premise is true, then we cannot have a “knowledge” that ceases to have contents just because it exceeds our grasp to know what they are. This is why “knowing everything” increases as an inaccurate statement with an unknown bound.
Let me try to illustrate.
Doctors and Aliens
I am not exceptional as a human being. So I don’t think it is outlandish to imagine somebody who knows everything I do, and more. What does he know? If I posit him as a doctor, I kind of know some of that. We’ll give it the technical title of “doctor stuff”. Chances are that if we’re not doctors, though you might know something that falls in this gap, you will not know the contents of this gap.
I accept that there are some contents of “doctor stuff” that I can only guess by their relation to more familiar things. We have “bone stuff” for example. I know about bones. I can name most of them. I’ve heard about doctors setting bones. I know a bit about the role of marrow in producing blood cells. But I also accept that there are facts in bone physiology that I wouldn’t have the slightest inkling of because I don’t know what comprises what I don’t know.
Likewise you can’t guess at what the doctor knows that neither you or I have any clue about. There might be something there. Of course the existence of that set of knowledge doesn’t depend on my ability to theorize it, but the doctors’ ability to know it.
Now, if we can imagine an alien race where the a certain member knows almost everything we do about common phenomena, let’s imagine that on the scale of things he knows a lot more. What does he know? Suppose he knows of a phenomenon on his planet that acts in a totally different way than our planet. What does he know? Is there anything that we would have to find not as invariable as we thought?
But we can dream up as many potential–and hopefully somewhat plausible–scenarios as our imagination can handle. But to illustrate the concept we have to add details. Nothing in particular demonstrates “the state of knowing 60% more than the sum total of human knowledge.” No one concept demonstrates knowing double, triple, quadruple and so on. So what are the contents of omniscience?
We can imagine that it consists of everything we know, plus everything we hope to learn from science. And we can imagine that’s it. But only the omniscient entity would know the contents.
Which is why it is silly to pretend to let God sit in the room while we talk about him, call him characteristically “omniscient” and then telling him what we’ve deduced about his omniscience as authoritative, dismissing him from the room. Once we’ve allowed God to duck his head in the door, he is the authority. Not us.
The athiest has already concluded that he can’t comment on it, because he can’t be a party to the discussion, because he doesn’t exist. It’s strange to then conclude, given a lack of substantive objection on the human level, that he can’t then exist. The atheist has only played at “considering God.”
I do not find it meaningful, given my acquaintance with knowledge that there can ever be an abstract “state of knowing everything” that can ever approximate the likely case of a singular, particular state of knowing all particular states.
Afterward
I’m not trying to leverage human-specifications onto the cosmos. As a result, the vagueness of “omniscience” is not a limiting factor. But I would be more correct to leave up to a posited omniscient being the details of what it implies. Thus the “Problem of Evil” becomes only “A Case for the Non-existence of God provided an intuition of ‘Omniscience’”.
Judging from the sensible ground of facts as one thing and not others, I think it is at least a fair projection in counter to the “Problem of Evil” that omniscience has a lot of particulars. Not only that but there are perhaps more things known not to be the case, then are the case. I think it’s like that I can name more things that I didn’t have for supper, than what I had for supper. (They are arguably facts, though Carnap should object.)
On the subject of Logical Positivism (the undead material philosophy), Russell essentially doesn’t fail in Logical Atomism because there is a manifest lack of atomic positive states. Of course, he doesn’t come close to justifying that there are intelligibly distinct descriptions of all positive states, which would justify them as being “logical” (logos <=> word). But he also doesn’t justify the conjecture that takes up the last third of his essay as meaningful in the narrow sense that he defined as meaningful.
I have to credit William Vallicella (Maverick Philosopher) with getting me started on this. He does an interesting job attacking the “There is evil claim” portion here. (I have to warn you, if your eyes glaze over when I skim formalism here, you’re not going to like his site–but you may get a taste for it.)

Lamar Hunt said,
April 15, 2008 @ 10:11 pm
I don’t think the problem of evil concerns God’s omniscience, but rather the claim that God is entirely good and is able to do all things. However, your reasoning could apply there as well. That problem would then simply be “the problem of evil provided an intuition of ‘all-goodness’ as well as ‘omnipotence.’”
Now, within our conception of being “all-good” lies the idea that it is good to stop evil. (You could argue with this.)
And, within our conception of all-powerful is the idea that it is possible for something all-powerfull to stop bad things–a train wreck, for example.
Thus, since it is manifestly false that evil is not completely stopped (this, of course, depends on an intuition of evil), it would seem, to me at least, wrong to say that there is some being that is both all-good and all powerfull. Otherwise that being would be both driven and able to stop the evil, and thus we would not predict evil to exist at all. All of this has nothing to do with God’s omniscience.
So, if God can do anything, then he obviously could stop a train wreck. And if he is all-good, then surely he would stop a train wreck if he could. So, if there is a God who is all-good as well as all-powerful, then why are there trainwrecks?
author said,
April 16, 2008 @ 9:02 pm
Hi Lamar,
Well, I hardly think it has nothing to do with omniscience, since the post that I linked to at Maverick Philosopher frames the conversation with that, as does this Wikipedia article, as well as The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Second, that people still sometimes require an inability as a criterion for omnipotence suggests to me that projecting that all the way out is a little problematic as well.
It might be analogous to the naive set theory. Some sets can technically be defined but have contradictory implications. All of the following symbols have meaning, but the statement does not { X | X = { x } for some x and X ∉ X }. It took a top-notch mathematician like Russell to synthesize that although sets like this seem to have meaning, they didn’t.
But, I’ve written (and deleted) enough on this now that there is material left over for a post.
Lamar said,
April 17, 2008 @ 10:03 pm
Hi,
Omniscience is having infinite knowledge (which you correctly state is a state that we humans should know nothing about), so only insofar as God must know where evil is should it pose a part of the problem of evil.
Bad things happen, right? For example, train, plane and car wrecks, and earthquakes etc… Babies and innocent men, women and children die every day, painfully. You could easily fill in the blanks here with an endless array of bad things that happen to perfectly good, wholesome people all the time. (And this is ignoring all the bad things that happen to good people as a result of the choices of other bad people, like theft, murder and rape.)
Now, if you are a being that is totally good, as well as totally powerful (i.e., you can perform miracles–like the Christian God), then you’d probably stop things like car wrecks, earthquakes and in general bad things from happening to at least the best, or innocent of people, right? After all, you’d both want to and be able to stop them. So, if we are to make a hypothesis and say that an all-powerful, all-good being exists, we would predict, based on that hypothesis, that bad things wouldn’t happen.
Allow me to restate: Do you agree that it is better to stop a baby from drowning, if you have the ability to, than to not do so? Obviously the answer is yes. In fact, we’d call anyone who does not stop a baby from drowning, if he could, a very bad person (let alone a not all-good person).
Now, do you believe that God is all-good (i.e., always does the right thing)? Do you believe that God can do anything logically possible? Do you believe that this God exists?
If you answered yes to those three questions, then no babies should never drown in their backyard swimming pools accidently. Since God is all-powerfull, he could easily stop it. And since God is all-good, he’d surely want to stop it. Thus, if God exists, he’d surely stop it. However, it is a fact that babies DO sometimes drown accidently. Thus, (this is classic modus tollens) either God is not all-good or he is not all-powerfull…or he does not exist. Take your pick. Logically speaking, you must take one.
As for God’s omniscience, it really has nothing to do with it. Whether or not one is omniscient says nothing about whether or not that person is able to do everything or is all-good. I’d be perfectly content admitting that God is all-knowing. He may just be an all-knowing jerk who gets his jollies on watching babies drown (who knows?). There really isn’t anything contradictory about positing the existence of an omniscient being and evil. The problem, rather, is as the wikipedia article you mentioned earlier states it:
“In the philosophy of religion and theology, the problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the existence of evil or suffering in the world with the existence of God, a force for infinite good.”
Or here is the encyclapedia artical:
“The existence of evil and suffering in our world seems to pose a serious challenge to belief in the existence of a perfect God. If God were all-knowing, it seems that God would know about all of the horrible things that happen in our world. If God were all-powerful, God would be able to do something about all of the evil and suffering. Furthermore, if God were morally perfect, then surely God would want to do something about it.”
Obviously, the artical mentions omniscience, but God’s omniscience poses a problem only insofar as God is also both all-good and all-powerfull. All that’s really needed to posit the problem of evil is the claim that God knows that babies drown sometimes. (Would you deny that?) Making cloudy and abstract claims about omniscience cannot solve the problem of evil.
So, out of curiousity, please answer the following questions (yes or no):
“Second, that people still sometimes require an inability as a criterion for omnipotence suggests to me that projecting that all the way out is a little problematic as well.”
Absolutely false. People require NO inabilities as a criterion for omnipotence. (How could you be omnipotent if you had any inabilities?) Of course, an omnipotent thing would not be able to do things that were logically not possible (like make a triangle have 4 sides), but it isn’t logically impossible to save a drowning baby.